The notes and bibliography system is commonly used in the humanities. Sources are cited in numbered footnotes (at the bottom of the page) or endnotes (at the end of the text). Each note corresponds to a superscript (raised number) in the text. Sources are also generally listed in a separate bibliography.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name,Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Page number(s).
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100.
2. Joel Greenberg, ed., Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 42.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, Title, page number(s).
3. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
4. Greenberg, Prairie, Woods, and Water, 326-27.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.
Greenberg, Joel, ed. Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name and Author's First Name Author's Last Name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).
1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941-1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name and Author's Last Name, Title, page number(s).
2. Ward and Burns, The War, 53.
Bibliography Entry (invert the first-listed name)
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name, and Author's First Name Author's Last Name. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1940-1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.
Note
First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).
1. Joyce Heatherton, James Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu, Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip Through the Landscape (Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati, 2009), 130.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, and Author's Last Name, Title, page number(s).
2. Heatherton, Fitzgilroy, and Hsu, Meteors and Mudslides, 131.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name, Author's First Name Author's Last Name, and Author's First Name Author's Last Name. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Heatherton, Joyce, James Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu. Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip Through the Landscape. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Note
First Author's First Name First Author's Last Name et al., Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), Page number(s).
1. Jeri A. Sechzer et al., Women and Mental Health (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 243.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
First Author's Last Name et al., Title, Page number(s).
2. Sechzer et al., Women and Mental Health, 276.
Bibliography Entry
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's First Name Second Author's Last Name, Third Author's First Name Third Author's Last Name, Fourth Author's First Name Fourth Author's Last Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Sechzer, Jeri A., Sheila M. Pfaffin, Florence L. Denmark, Anne Griffin, eds. Women and Mental Health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name,Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), URL or DOI.
**If a title has more than one author, format the names in the same manner as for print books with multiple authors.
1. Elliot Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartók (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, Title, page number(s).
2. Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. DOI or URL.
Elliot, Antokoletz. Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartók. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Number(s).
1. Walter Blair, "Americanized Comic Braggarts," Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-32.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Page Number(s).
2. Blair, "Americanized Comic Braggarts," 335.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Range of Article.
Blair, Walter. "Americanized Comic Braggarts." Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-49.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name and Author's First Name and Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Number(s).
1. Paul L. Beaubien and Merill J. Mattes, "George Washington Carver National Monument: The Archeological Search for George Washington Carver's Birthplace," Negro History Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1954): 34.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name and Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Page Number(s).
2. Beaubien and Mattes, "George Washington Carver," 35.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name, and Author's First Name Author's Last Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Range of Article.
Beaubien, Paul L., and Merill J. Mattes. "George Washington Carver National Monument: The Archeological Search for George Washington Carver's Birthplace." Negro History Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1954): 33-38.
Note
First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Number(s).
1. Liu Huimin, Qin Junjie, and He Hui, "Explore Which Industries Are Suitable for Open Office: Through an Experiment on the Impact of Noise on Individual Job Performance," Noise Control Engineering Journal 67, no. 6 (2019): 423-424.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, and Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Page Number(s).
2. Huimin, Junjie, and Hui, "Explore Which Industries," 427.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name, Author's First Name Author's Last Name, and Author's First Name Author's Last Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Range of Article.
Huimin, Liu, Qin Junjie, and He Hui. "Explore Which Industries Are Suitable for Open Office: Through an Experiment on the Impact of Noise on Individual Job Performance." Noise Control Engineering Journal 67, no. 6 (2019): 422-37.
Note
First Author's First Name First Author's Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Number(s).
1. Robin Canuel et al., "Developing and Assessing a Graduate Student Reference Service," Reference Services Review 47, no. 4 (2019): 528.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Page Number(s).
2. Canuel et al., "Developing and Assessing," 529.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name, Author's First Name Author's Last Name, Author's First Name Author's Last Name, and Author's First Name Author's Last Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): Page Range of Article.
Canuel, Robin, Sandy Hervieux, Veronica Bergsten, Amélie Brault, and Rachelle Burke. "Developing and Assessing a Graduate Student Reference Service." Reference Services Review 47, no. 4 (2019): 527-543.
Note
Author First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Title volume number (year of publication): page number(s), DOI or URL.
**If a title has more than one author, format the names in the same manner as for print journal articles with multiple authors.
1. William J. Novak, "The Myth of the 'Weak' American State," American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 758, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Page Number(s).
2. Novak, "Myth," 770.
Bibliographic Entry
Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume number (Year of Publication): page number(s). DOI or URL.
Novak, William J. "The Myth of the 'Weak' American State." American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 752-72. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Magazine, Date, Page Number(s).
**If a title has more than one author, format the names in the same manner as for print journal articles with multiple authors.
1. Beth Saulnier, "From Vine to Wine," Cornell Alumni Magazine, September/October 2008, 48.
2. Jill Lepore, "Just the Facts, Ma'am: Fake Memoirs, Factual Fictions, and the History of History," New Yorker, March 24, 2008, 81.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Page Number(s).
3. Saulnier, "From Vine to Wine," 49.
4. Lepore, "Just the Facts, Ma'am: Fake Memoirs, Factual Fictions, and the History of History," 82.
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, Date.
Saulnier, Beth. "From Vine to Wine." Cornell Alumni Magazine, September/October 2008.
Lepore, Jill. "Just the Facts, Ma'am: Fake Memoirs, Factual Fictions, and the History of History." New Yorker, March 24, 2008.
Note
Author First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, and Year of Publication, URL.
**If a title has more than one author, format the names in the same manner as for print journal articles with multiple authors.
1. Marina Harss, "Fashion's Modern Muse," New Yorker, February 10, 2020, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,uid&db=a9h&AN=141483490&site=ehost-live.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, "Title of Article."
2. Harss, "Fashion's Modern."
Bibliographic Entry
Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Date. DOI or URL.
Harss, Marina. "Fashion's Modern Muse." New Yorker, February 10, 2020. http://cscc.ohionet.org/login?https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,uid&db=a9h&AN=141483490&site=ehost-live.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Month Day, and Year of Publication, Edition.
**Because a newspaper's issue may include several different editions, page numbers are usually omitted.
**If a title has more than one author, format the names in the same manner as for print journal articles with multiple authors.
1. Mike Royko, "Next Time, Dan, Take Aim at Arnold," Chicago Tribune, September 23, 1992, Chicago edition.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, "Title of Article."
2. Royko, "Next Time, Dan."
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, and Year of Publication, Edition.
Royko, Mike. "Next Time, Dan, Take Aim at Arnold." Chicago Tribune, September 23, 1992, Chicago edition.
Note
Author's First Name Author's Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Month Day, and Year of Publication, URL.
**If a title has more than one author, format the names in the same manner as for print journal articles with multiple authors.
1. Julie Bosman, "Jets? Yes! Sharks? ¡Sí! in Bilingual 'West Side,'" New York Times, July 17, 20008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/theater/17bway.html.
Shortened Note (for subsequent citations of a source - title usually shortened if more than four words)
Author's Last Name, "Title of Article."
2. Bosman, "Jets? Yes! Sharks?"
Bibliography Entry
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, and Year of Publication, URL.
Bosman, Julie. "Jets? Yes! Sharks? ¡Sí! in Bilingual 'West Side.'" New York Times, July 17, 20008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/theater/17bway.html.
Cite OER (open educational resources) as usual with one exception: add the CC or public domain license information at the end of your existing CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style) citation. Here is an example of an OER textbook, cited as you would a regular book, with the additional licensure information added:
**Click here for a list of various types of CC licenses.
Note
Dea Boster, Christianna Hurford, and Jennifer Nardone, The American Yawp. Vol. 1. A derivative of The American Yawp published by Stanford University Press (Columbus: Columbus State Community College, 2019), 1.4.
Shortened Note
Boster, Hurford, and Nardone, The American Yawp, 1.5
Bibliography Entry
Boster, Dea, Christianna Hurford, and Jennifer Nardone. The American Yawp. Vol. 1. A derivative of The American Yawp published by Stanford University Press. Columbus: Columbus State Community College, 2019. https://csbooks.org/hist1151. CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
