APA Citations: Print

One author

(APA 7.02, ex. 18)

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Dittman, M. J. (2007). Masterpieces of beat literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase):

Dittman (2007) observed that Joe Smith liked to travel (p. 50).

In the Text (no signal phrase):

Joe Smith loved to travel (Dittman, 2007, p. 50).

Two to seven authors

(APA 6.27)

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Parrot, A., & Cummings, N. (2006). Forsaken females: The global brutalization of women. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Reverse all authors' last names. Give last names and first name initials up to and including seven authors. Use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. List all of the authors’ last names in order of their appearance on the title page of the book.

 In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text: Works by two authors

Ex. (with signal phrase):
Parrott and Cummings noted that most babies in Chinese orphanages are healthy girls (2006, p. 60).

In the text, use the word "and" before the name of the last author.

Ex. (no signal phrase):
Most babies in Chinese orphanages are healthy girls (Parrott & Cummings, 2006, p. 60).

In parenthetical material and in the reference list, join the names with an ampersand (&).

In theText: Works by three to five authors

Cite the surnames of all authors, separated by commas, the first time the reference is cited in the text. In subsequent citations,  use only the first author’s surname, followed by et al.

Ex. 1st citation:
Smith, Jones, and Tyler believed that George Washington never told lies (1991, p. 278).

Ex.  2nd citation:
Smith et al. believed that George Washington cut down a cherry tree (1991, p. 344).

In theText: Works by six or seven authors

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Ex. (with signal phrase):
According to Kelly et al.,singing in the rain is a pleasurable experience (1952, p. 137).

Ex. (no signal phrase):
Singing in the rain is a pleasurable experience (Kelly et al., 1952, p. 137).

More than seven authors

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Gilman, S. L., King, H., Porter, R., Rousseau, G.S., Showalter, E., Grimes, K., . . . West, D. (1993). Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: University of California Press.

If there are more than seven authors, list the names of the first six authors, followed by three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) and the last author's name.

Note: If the publisher is a university and the name of the state is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state name in the publisher location.

 In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase):

Gilman, et al., (1993) describes the history of hysteria as a history oh how we understand the mind (p. 15).

In the Text (no signal phrase):

A history of hysteria is a history of how we understand the mind (Gilman, et al., 1993, p. 15).

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Groups as authors

(APA 6.13)

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

American Heart Association. (1996). American Heart Association guide to heart attack: Treatment, recovery and prevention. New York, NY: Times Books.

Ex.1a.  1st citation (with signal phrase):

The American Heart Association (AHA, 2003) describes how to treat heart attack victims (p. 8).

Ex. 1b. 1st citation (no signal phrase):

(American Heart Association [AHA], 2003, p.8).

Ex. 2a. 2nd citation (with signal phrase):

The AHA also lists ways to help them recover.
(2003, p.10).

Ex. 2b. 2nd citation (no signal phrase):

(AHA, 2003, p. 10)

The names of groups that serve as authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in an in-text citation. The names of some groups are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, the general rule is to provide enough information for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list.

 No author or editor

(APA 6.15, 6.27)

Basic Book Format:

Book title. (Publication year). City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2010). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

In a reference to a work with no author, move the title to the author position, before the date of publication.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase):

The Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) directs writers to italicize the title of a book in the text and in parenthetical citations (p. 176).

In the Text (no signal phrase):

When a work has no identifiable author, parenthetical citations should include the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year (Publication manual, 2010, p. 176).

 Anonymous Author

(APA 6.15, 6.25, )

Basic Book Format:

Anonymous. Book title. (Publication year). City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Anonymous. Go Ask Alice. (1971). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

IF a work is signed Anonymous, begin the entry with the word Anonymous spelled out and alphabetize the entry as if Anonymous were a true name.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase):

In Go Ask Alice, the author identified only as "Anonymous" notes that 1,000 college kids commit suicide every year (1971, p. 104).

In the Text (no signal phrase):
The Doctor said that 1,000 college kids commit suicide every year (Anonymous, 1971, p. 104).

Edited book

(APA 6.27, 7.02)

Basic Book Format:

Editor last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Ed.). (Publication year). Book title. City, ST of publication: Publisher.
 

Reference List:

Doezema, M. & Milroy, E. (Eds.). (1998). Reading American art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 

In a reference to an edited book, place the editors' names in the author position, and enclose the abbreviation Ed. or Eds. in parentheses after the last editor's name. A period follows the parenthetical abbreviation (Eds.).

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase)

Doezema and Milroy (1998) discuss how to interpret American art (p. 388).

 
In the Text (no signal phrase)

Grant Woods' painting, American Gothic, is considered a national icon. (Doezema & Milroy, 1998, p. 102).

Article or chapter in an edited book 

(APA  6.27, 7.02)

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City and state of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Ex. 1

Welty, E. (2012). Clamorous to learn. In L. H. Peterson, et al. (Eds.), The Norton reader: An anthology of nonfiction (13th ed., pp. 350-355). New York, NY: Norton.

Ex. 2

Abraham, N. (2000). Arab Americans.  In J. Lehman (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of multicultural America (2^nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 108-122). Detroit, MI: Gale.

When referring to a chapter or article in an edited book, invert the article authors' names, but don't invert the book editors' names. The name of the book editor(s) should be preceded by the word In.Provide initials and surnames for all editors (in substantial reference works with a large editorial board, naming the lead editor followed by et al. is acceptable).

Place information about editions, volume numbers, and page numbers in parentheses following the title, with the period after the parentheses. 

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05) 

In the Text (with signal phrase):

Abraham (2000) noted that in the field of poetry, several Arab Americans have achieved recognition (p. 119).

In the Text (no signal phrase):

In the field of poetry, several Arab Americans have achieved recognition (Abraham, 2000, p. 119).

Multivolume work

(APA 6.16, 7.02, ex. 23)

(apastyle.org)

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City and state of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Pendergast, T., Pendergast, S., & Hermsen, S. (Eds.). (2007a). Graphic novelists (Vol. 1, pp. 121-135). Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.

Pendergast, T., Pendergast, S., & Hermsen, S. (Eds.). (2007b). Graphic novelists (Vol. 2, pp. 317-324). Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.

When citing several volumes in a multivolume work, provide a separate entry in the reference list for each volume.

Arrange two or more works by the same author by year of publication. Identify them by the suffixes a, b, c, and so on. 

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase):

Pendergast, Pendergast, and Hermsen (2007a; 2007b) included collaborative work by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean in their Graphic Novelists series.

In the Text (no signal phrase):

Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean collaborated on the graphic novel, The Tragical Comedy or, The Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch (Pendergast, Pendergast & Hermsen, 2007a, p.134; 2007b, p. 317).

Article in a dictionary

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year). Book title. City and state of publication: Publisher.
 

Reference List:

Citation. (2004). In Longman dictionary of American English (New Edition, Definition 3, p.153). Edinburgh Gate, England: Pearson Education.

For an entry in a reference work with no byline and/or no editor, the entry title is placed in the author name location.

Precede the title of the reference book with the word In.

Place information about editions, volume numbers, and page numbers in parentheses following the title, with a period after the parentheses. 

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

Example

As used in this context, the word, “citation”, means “a line taken from a book, speech, etc.” (Citation, 2004, p.153).

Article in an encyclopedia

Basic Book Format:

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Publication year).  Article title. In Book title. (Information on editions, volumes, etc.). City, ST of publication: Publisher.

Reference List:

Bent, B. E. (2007). Adsorption. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology (10^th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 162-165). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

(Bent, 2007, p. 162).

Scripture (Bible, Quran) and other Classical Works

(APA 6.18; apastyle.org)

Reference List:

Reference list entries are not required for "major classical works" or "classical religious works", which includes the Bible, Quran, ancient Greek and Roman works, etc.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

Example 1

The study group will use the Bible (King James Version) to support their religious discussions.

The first time you use the reference, identify the version used, if appropriate. In subsequent references, there is no need to identify the version.

Example 2

The Quran 5:3 specifies some dietary restrictions, such as forbidding Muslims to eat "the flesh of swine."
(Example from apastyle.org)

When quoting or paraphrasing specific parts of a classical work, also provide the relevant names and/or numbers of chapters/verses/lines. 

Classical works are numbered systematically across all editions, so use these references instead of page numbers when referring to specific parts of your source.

Example 3

Plato's Apology recreates the speech given by Socrates as he defended himself in 399 B.C. against charges that he "corrupted the young" (Plato, trans. 1871).

If a date of publication is not available (such as for very old works), cite the year of the translation you used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by version. If you know the original date of publication, include it in the citation.

Magazine article

(APA  6.28, 7.01, ex. 7)

Basic Magazine Format

 Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Year, Month Day of publication). Article title. Magazine Title, Page numbers.

Reference List:

Fleming, A. R. (2001, October 3). Gays in the military: Proud to serve. People, 101-102.

For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, after the author(s) name, give the year and the exact date of the publication (month or month and day), separated by a comma and enclosed in parentheses. Do not abbreviate the following units of time: day, week, month, year.

Page numbers should not be preceded by p. or pp.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase)

Fleming asserts that gays in the military proudly serve their country (2001, p. 101).

In the Text (no signal phrase)

Gays in the military proudly serve their country (Fleming, 2001, p. 101).

Newspaper article

(APA 6.28, 7.01, ex. 10)

Basic Newspaper Format

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Year, Month Day of publication). Article title. Newspaper Title, Page numbers preceded by p. or pp.

Reference List:

Riepenhoff, J. (2007, December 30). Catching up: What’s happened to newsmakers since their stories broke the surface. The Columbus Dispatch, pp. 01A, 03A.

Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp. If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma.

In the Text:

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05) 

In the Text (with signal phrase)

Riepenhoff wrote that Mrs. Clay and her late husband, Larry, came close to losing the Franklinton house that they owned free and clear in 2000 (2007, p. 01A). 

In the Text (no signal phrase)

Mrs. Clay and her late husband, Larry, came close to losing the Franklinton house that they owned free and clear in 2000 (Riepenhoff, 2007, p. 01A).

Scholarly journal article

(APA 6.28-6.30, 7.01)

Basic Format for Scholarly Journals

Author last name, Initials of first name/middle name. (Year of Publication). Article title. Journal Title, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers.

Reference List:

Rubenstein, S. L. (2012). On the importance of visions among the Amazonian Shuar. Current Anthropology, 53(1), 39-79.

Page numbers should not be preceded by p. or pp.

Give the volume number after the periodical title; italicize it. Do not use the word Volume (or the abbreviation, Vol.) before the number.

Include the journal issue number (if available) along with the volume number. Give the number in parentheses immediately after the volume number. Do not italicize it.

In the Text

APA uses an "author-date" format for in-text citations. If you are directly quoting from a source you must provide a page number for the reference, preceded by "p." If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, APA encourages you to provide the page number, although it is not required. (APA 6.04, 6.05)

In the Text (with signal phrase)

Rubenstein (2012) notes that the Shuar believe that the true determinants of life and death are normally invisible forces which can be seen and utilized only with the aid of hallucinogenic drugs (p.39).

In the Text (no signal phrase)

The Shuar believe that the true determinants of life and death are normally invisible forces which can be seen and utilized only with the aid of hallucinogenic drugs (Rubenstein, 2012, p.39).